Management strategies in rheumatoid arthritis
Bluhm, G. B. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with gold. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 5, 147–166 (1975).
Google Scholar
Bunch, T. W. & O’Duffy, J. D. Disease-modifying drugs for progressive rheumatoid arthritis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 55, 161–179 (1980).
Google Scholar
Lee, D. M. & Weinblatt, M. E. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 358, 903–911 (2001).
Google Scholar
Hoes, J. N., Jacobs, J. W. G., Buttgereit, F. & Bijlsma, J. W. J. Current view of glucocorticoid co-therapy with DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 6, 693–702 (2010).
Google Scholar
Doumen, M., Pazmino, S., Bertrand, D., Westhovens, R. & Verschueren, P. Glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis: balancing benefits and harm by leveraging the therapeutic window of opportunity. Joint Bone Spine 90, 105491 (2023).
Google Scholar
Weinstein, G. D. Methotrexate. Ann. Intern. Med. 86, 199–204 (1977).
Google Scholar
Tugwell, P., Bennett, K. & Gent, M. Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Indications, contraindications, efficacy, safety. Ann. Intern. Med. 107, 358–366 (1987).
Google Scholar
Weinblatt, M. E. & Kremer, J. M. Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 19, 126–128 (1988).
Google Scholar
Fries, J. F., Williams, C. A., Ramey, D. & Bloch, D. A. The relative toxicity of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Rheum. 36, 297–306 (1993).
Google Scholar
Shergy, W. J. et al. Methotrexate-associated hepatotoxicity: retrospective analysis of 210 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am. J. Med. 85, 771–774 (1988).
Google Scholar
Smyth, C. J. Therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. A pyramidal plan. Postgrad. Med. 51, 31–39 (1972).
Google Scholar
Fries, J. F. Safety issues related to DMARD therapy. J. Rheumatol. Suppl. 25, 14–17 (1990).
Google Scholar
Aletaha, D. & Smolen, J. S. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis: a review. JAMA 320, 1360–1372 (2018).
Google Scholar
Aletaha, D. et al. Reporting disease activity in clinical trials of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: EULAR/ACR collaborative recommendations. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 67, 1360–1364 (2008).
Google Scholar
Felson, D. T. et al. American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism provisional definition of remission in rheumatoid arthritis for clinical trials. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 404–413 (2011).
Google Scholar
Østergaard, M. et al. Certolizumab pegol, abatacept, tocilizumab or active conventional treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis: 48-week clinical and radiographic results of the investigator-initiated randomised controlled NORD-STAR trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 1286–1295 (2023).
Google Scholar
Verschueren, P. et al. Effectiveness of methotrexate with step-down glucocorticoid remission induction (COBRA Slim) versus other intensive treatment strategies for early rheumatoid arthritis in a treat-to-target approach: 1-year results of CareRA, a randomised pragmatic open-label superiority trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76, 511–520 (2017).
Google Scholar
Gottenberg, J.-E. et al. Non-TNF-targeted biologic vs a second anti-TNF drug to treat rheumatoid arthritis in patients with insufficient response to a first anti-TNF drug: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316, 1172–1180 (2016).
Google Scholar
Porter, D. et al. Tumour necrosis factor inhibition versus rituximab for patients with rheumatoid arthritis who require biological treatment (ORBIT): an open-label, randomised controlled, non-inferiority, trial. Lancet 388, 239–247 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sokka, T. & Pincus, T. Rheumatoid arthritis: strategy more important than agent. Lancet 374, 430–432 (2009).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S. et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75, 3–15 (2016).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S. & Aletaha, D. Forget personalised medicine and focus on abating disease activity. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 3–6 (2013).
Google Scholar
Pincus, T., Gibson, K. A. & Castrejón, I. Update on methotrexate as the anchor drug for rheumatoid arthritis. Bull. Hosp. Jt Dis. 71, S9–S19 (2013).
Di Matteo, A., Bathon, J. M. & Emery, P. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 402, 2019–2033 (2023).
Google Scholar
Takeuchi, T. Biomarkers as a treatment guide in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Immunol. 186, 59–62 (2018).
Google Scholar
Aletaha, D. Precision medicine and management of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Autoimmun. 110, 102405 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wientjes, M. H. M., den Broeder, A. A., Welsing, P. M. J., Verhoef, L. M. & van den Bemt, B. J. F. Prediction of response to anti-TNF treatment using laboratory biomarkers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. RMD Open 8, e002570 (2022).
Google Scholar
Humby, F. et al. Rituximab versus tocilizumab in anti-TNF inadequate responder patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R4RA): 16-week outcomes of a stratified, biopsy-driven, multicentre, open-label, phase 4 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 397, 305–317 (2021).
Google Scholar
Rivellese, F. et al. Rituximab versus tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis: synovial biopsy-based biomarker analysis of the phase 4 R4RA randomized trial. Nat. Med. 28, 1256–1268 (2022).
Google Scholar
Burmester, G. R. & Pope, J. E. Novel treatment strategies in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 389, 2338–2348 (2017).
Google Scholar
Felson, D. T. et al. American College of Rheumatology. Preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 727–735 (1995).
Google Scholar
Konzett, V., Kerschbaumer, A., Smolen, J. S. & Aletaha, D. Determination of the most appropriate ACR response definition for contemporary drug approval trials in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 83, 58–64 (2024).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S. & Aletaha, D. Rheumatoid arthritis therapy reappraisal: strategies, opportunities and challenges. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 11, 276–289 (2015).
Google Scholar
Lin, C. M. A., Cooles, F. A. H. & Isaacs, J. D. Precision medicine: the precision gap in rheumatic disease. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 18, 725–733 (2022).
Google Scholar
Dey, M., Nagy, G. & Nikiphorou, E. Comorbidities and extra-articular manifestations in difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: different sides of the same coin? Rheumatology 62, 1773–1779 (2023).
Google Scholar
Finckh, A. et al. Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 18, 591–602 (2022).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S., Aletaha, D. & McInnes, I. B. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 388, 2023–2038 (2016).
Google Scholar
Radner, H. et al. The impact of multimorbidity status on treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Rheumatology 54, 2076–2084 (2015).
Google Scholar
Dey, M., Nagy, G. & Nikiphorou, E. Comorbidities or extra-articular manifestations: time to reconsider the terminology? Rheumatology 61, 3881–3883 (2022).
Google Scholar
Baillet, A. et al. Points to consider for reporting, screening for and preventing selected comorbidities in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in daily practice: a EULAR initiative. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75, 965–973 (2016).
Google Scholar
Agca, R. et al. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76, 17–28 (2017).
Google Scholar
Sandberg, M. E. C. et al. Overweight decreases the chance of achieving good response and low disease activity in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 73, 2029–2033 (2014).
Google Scholar
Roodenrijs, N. M. T. et al. Non-adherence in difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis from the perspectives of patients and rheumatologists: a concept mapping study. Rheumatology 60, 5105–5116 (2021).
Google Scholar
Battafarano, D. F. et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology Workforce Study: supply and demand projections of adult rheumatology workforce, 2015-2030. Arthritis Care Res. 70, 617–626 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kilian, A., Upton, L. A., Battafarano, D. F. & Monrad, S. U. Workforce trends in rheumatology. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North. Am. 45, 13–26 (2019).
Google Scholar
Tournadre, A., Pereira, B., Gossec, L., Soubrier, M. & Dougados, M. Impact of comorbidities on fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis patients: results from a nurse-led program for comorbidities management (COMEDRA). Joint Bone Spine 86, 55–60 (2019).
Google Scholar
Katz, J. & Bartels, C. M. Multimorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis: literature review and future directions. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 26, 24–35 (2024).
Google Scholar
Gossec, L. et al. Screening for and management of comorbidities after a nurse-led program: results of a 3-year longitudinal study in 769 established rheumatoid arthritis patients. RMD Open 5, e000914 (2019).
Google Scholar
Singh, J. A. et al. Risk of serious infection in biological treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 386, 258–265 (2015).
Google Scholar
Sepriano, A. et al. Safety of synthetic and biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 107–118 (2023).
Google Scholar
Di Martino, V. et al. Busting the myth of methotrexate chronic hepatotoxicity. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 19, 96–110 (2023).
Google Scholar
Chung, E. S. et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-α, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation 107, 3133–3140 (2003).
Google Scholar
Mann, D. L. et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation 109, 1594–1502 (2004).
Google Scholar
Do, T. T. H. et al. Glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance is related to macrophage visceral adipose tissue infiltration. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 185, 150–162 (2019).
Google Scholar
Curtis, B. R. Non-chemotherapy drug-induced neutropenia: key points to manage the challenges. Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 2017, 187–193 (2017).
Google Scholar
de Germay, S., Bagheri, H., Despas, F., Rousseau, V. & Montastruc, F. Abatacept in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of cancer: a world observational post-marketing study. Rheumatology 59, 2360–2367 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ytterberg, S. R. et al. Cardiovascular and cancer risk with tofacitinib in rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 316–326 (2022).
Google Scholar
Seror, R. et al. Pattern of demyelination occurring during anti-TNF-α therapy: a French national survey. Rheumatology 52, 868–874 (2013).
Google Scholar
Fraenel, L. et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 73, 1108–1123 (2021).
Google Scholar
Narváez, J. et al. SER-SEPAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease. Part 2: treatment. Reumatol. Clin. 18, 501–512 (2022).
Google Scholar
Yu, K.-H. et al. Consensus recommendations on managing the selected comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine 101, e28501 (2022).
Google Scholar
Salaffi, F., Di Carlo, M., Farah, S. & Carotti, M. Adherence to subcutaneous anti-TNFα agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis is largely influenced by pain and skin sensations at the injection site. Int. J. Rheum. Dis. 23, 480–487 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hsieh, P.-H. et al. Economic burden of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of literature in biologic era. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 79, 771–777 (2020).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S. et al. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology 42, 244–257 (2003).
Google Scholar
Aletaha, D. et al. Acute phase reactants add little to composite disease activity indices for rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a clinical activity score. Arthritis Res. Ther. 7, R796–R806 (2005).
Google Scholar
van der Heijde, D. M., Van ’t Hof, M., van Riel, P. L. & van de Putte, L. B. Development of a disease activity score based on judgment in clinical practice by rheumatologists. J. Rheumatol. 20, 579–581 (1993).
Google Scholar
Prevoo, M. L. et al. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 44–48 (1995).
Google Scholar
Grigor, C. et al. Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis (the TICORA study): a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 364, 263–269 (2004).
Google Scholar
Kavanaugh, A. et al. Clinical, functional and radiographic consequences of achieving stable low disease activity and remission with adalimumab plus methotrexate or methotrexate alone in early rheumatoid arthritis: 26-week results from the randomised, controlled OPTIMA study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 64–71 (2013).
Google Scholar
Keystone, E. C., Kavanaugh, A., Weinblatt, M. E., Patra, K. & Pangan, A. L. Clinical consequences of delayed addition of adalimumab to methotrexate therapy over 5 years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 38, 855–862 (2011).
Google Scholar
Klarenbeek, N. B. et al. Association with joint damage and physical functioning of nine composite indices and the 2011 ACR/EULAR remission criteria in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 1815–1821 (2011).
Google Scholar
Schipper, L. G. et al. Meta-analysis of tight control strategies in rheumatoid arthritis: protocolized treatment has additional value with respect to the clinical outcome. Rheumatology 49, 2154–2164 (2010).
Google Scholar
Aletaha, D. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis joint progression in sustained remission is determined by disease activity levels preceding the period of radiographic assessment. Arthritis Rheum. 60, 1242–1249 (2009).
Google Scholar
van Leeuwen, M. A. et al. Interrelationship of outcome measures and process variables in early rheumatoid arthritis. A comparison of radiologic damage, physical disability, joint counts, and acute phase reactants. J. Rheumatol. 21, 425–429 (1994).
Google Scholar
Gul, H. L., Ferreira, J. F. & Emery, P. Remission in rheumatoid arthritis: is it all the same? Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 8, 575–586 (2015).
Google Scholar
Mankia, K., Gul, H. & Emery, P. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to an imaging target produces better outcomes, or does it? Rheumatology 60, 3–4 (2021).
Google Scholar
Haavardsholm, E. A. et al. Ultrasound in management of rheumatoid arthritis: ARCTIC randomised controlled strategy trial. BMJ 354, i4205 (2016).
Google Scholar
Dale, J. et al. Targeting ultrasound remission in early rheumatoid arthritis: the results of the TaSER study, a randomised clinical trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75, 1043–1050 (2016).
Google Scholar
Møller-Bisgaard, S. et al. Effect of magnetic resonance imaging vs conventional treat-to-target strategies on disease activity remission and radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: the IMAGINE-RA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 321, 461–472 (2019).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S. et al. Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: recommendations of an international task force. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 69, 631–637 (2010).
Google Scholar
Buch, M. H. Defining refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 77, 966–969 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gossec, L., Dougados, M. & Dixon, W. Patient-reported outcomes as end points in clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 1, e000019 (2015).
Google Scholar
Studenic, P. et al. Testing different thresholds for patient global assessment in defining remission for rheumatoid arthritis: are the current ACR/EULAR Boolean criteria optimal? Ann. Rheum. Dis. 79, 445–452 (2020).
Google Scholar
Studenic, P. et al. American College of Rheumatology/EULAR remission criteria for rheumatoid arthritis: 2022 revision. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 74–80 (2023).
Google Scholar
Studenic, P., Radner, H., Smolen, J. S. & Aletaha, D. Discrepancies between patients and physicians in their perceptions of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Arthritis Rheum. 64, 2814–2823 (2012).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S. et al. Radiographic changes in rheumatoid arthritis patients attaining different disease activity states with methotrexate monotherapy and infliximab plus methotrexate: the impacts of remission and tumour necrosis factor blockade. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 68, 823–827 (2009).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S. et al. Evidence of radiographic benefit of treatment with infliximab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients who had no clinical improvement: a detailed subanalysis of data from the anti-tumor necrosis factor trial in rheumatoid arthritis with concomitant therapy study. Arthritis Rheum. 52, 1020–1030 (2005).
Google Scholar
Landewé, R., van der Heijde, D., Klareskog, L., van Vollenhoven, R. & Fatenejad, S. Disconnect between inflammation and joint destruction after treatment with etanercept plus methotrexate: results from the trial of etanercept and methotrexate with radiographic and patient outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 54, 3119–3125 (2006).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S., Avila, J. C. M. & Aletaha, D. Tocilizumab inhibits progression of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis irrespective of its anti-inflammatory effects: disassociation of the link between inflammation and destruction. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 71, 687–693 (2012).
Google Scholar
Aletaha, D., Alasti, F. & Smolen, J. S. Rituximab dissociates the tight link between disease activity and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 7–12 (2013).
Google Scholar
Lopez-Romero, P., de la Torre, I., Haladyj, E., Aletaha, D. & Smolen, J. S. Baricitinib further enhances disease-modifying effects by uncoupling the link between disease activity and joint structural progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 81, 622–631 (2022).
Google Scholar
Binder, N. B. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-inhibiting therapy preferentially targets bone destruction but not synovial inflammation in a tumor necrosis factor-driven model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 65, 608–617 (2013).
Google Scholar
Listing, J. et al. Clinical and functional remission: even though biologics are superior to conventional DMARDs overall success rates remain low-results from RABBIT, the German biologics register. Arthritis Res. Ther. 8, R66 (2006).
Google Scholar
Gaujoux-Viala, C. et al. Suboptimal management of rheumatoid arthritis in France: a real-world study based on data from the French National Health Data System. RMD Open 9, e003075 (2023).
Google Scholar
Olsen, I. C. et al. Assessments of the unmet need in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: analyses from the NOR-DMARD registry. Rheumatology 58, 481–491 (2019).
Google Scholar
Brinkmann, G. H. et al. Treat to target strategy in early rheumatoid arthritis versus routine care – a comparative clinical practice study. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 48, 808–814 (2019).
Google Scholar
Gärtner, M. et al. Persistence of subclinical sonographic joint activity in rheumatoid arthritis in sustained clinical remission. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 74, 2050–2053 (2015).
Google Scholar
Pareto, V. Cours d’Économie Politique Nouvelle édition par Bousquet, G.-H. et Busino, G. 313–315 (Droz, 1964).
Goekoop-Ruiterman, Y. P. M. et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 58, S126–S135 (2008).
Google Scholar
Heimans, L. et al. A two-step treatment strategy trial in patients with early arthritis aimed at achieving remission: the IMPROVED study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 73, 1356–1361 (2014).
Google Scholar
Bathon, J. M. & Genovese, M. C. The Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (ERA) trial comparing the efficacy and safety of etanercept and methotrexate. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 21, S195–S197 (2003).
Google Scholar
Lee, E. B. et al. Tofacitinib versus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 370, 2377–2386 (2014).
Google Scholar
Roodenrijs, N. M. T. et al. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies in difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 7, e001512 (2021).
Google Scholar
Busby, A. D. et al. The role of comorbidities alongside patient and disease characteristics in long-term disease activity in RA using UK inception cohort data. Rheumatology 61, 4297–4304 (2022).
Google Scholar
Bertsias, A. et al. Patterns of comorbidities differentially affect long-term functional evolution and disease activity in patients with “difficult to treat” rheumatoid arthritis. RMD Open 10, e003808 (2024).
Google Scholar
Kjørholt, K. E. et al. Effects of tapering conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs to drug-free remission versus stable treatment in rheumatoid arthritis (ARCTIC REWIND): 3-year results from an open-label, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 6, e268–e278 (2024).
Google Scholar
Tascilar, K. et al. Treatment tapering and stopping in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in stable remission (RETRO): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 3, e767–e777 (2021).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S. et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 3–18 (2023).
Google Scholar
Gerriets, V., Goyal, A. & Khaddour, K. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (StatPearls, 2024).
Buch, M. H. et al. Updated consensus statement on the use of rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 70, 909–920 (2011).
Google Scholar
Burmester, G. R. et al. Safety profile of upadacitinib over 15 000 patient-years across rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and atopic dermatitis. RMD Open 9, e002735 (2023).
Google Scholar
Winthrop, K. L. The emerging safety profile of JAK inhibitors in rheumatic disease. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 13, 234–243 (2017).
Google Scholar
Montastruc, F. et al. Abatacept initiation in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of cancer: a population-based comparative cohort study. Rheumatology 58, 683–691 (2019).
Google Scholar
Simon, T. A. et al. Comparative risk of malignancies and infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis initiating abatacept versus other biologics: a multi-database real-world study. Arthritis Res. Ther. 21, 228 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kastrati, K. et al. A systematic literature review informing the consensus statement on efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatment with interleukin-6 pathway inhibition with biological DMARDs in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. RMD Open 8, e002359 (2022).
Google Scholar
Rempenault, C. et al. Risk of diverticulitis and gastrointestinal perforation in rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab compared to rituximab or abatacept. Rheumatology 61, 953–962 (2022).
Google Scholar
Smolen, J. S. et al. Safety profile of baricitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with over 2 years median time in treatment. J. Rheumatol. 46, 7–18 (2019).
Google Scholar
Hoisnard, L. et al. Adverse events associated with JAK inhibitors in 126,815 reports from the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Sci. Rep. 12, 7140 (2022).
Google Scholar
Aringer, M. & Smolen, J. S. TNF inhibition in SLE: where do we stand? Lupus 18, 5–8 (2009).
Google Scholar
Charles, P. J., Smeenk, R. J., De Jong, J., Feldmann, M. & Maini, R. N. Assessment of antibodies to double-stranded DNA induced in rheumatoid arthritis patients following treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor α: findings in open-label and randomized placebo-controlled trials. Arthritis Rheum. 43, 2383–2390 (2000).
Google Scholar
Kaltsonoudis, E., Voulgari, P. V., Konitsiotis, S. & Drosos, A. A. Demyelination and other neurological adverse events after anti-TNF therapy. Autoimmun. Rev. 13, 54–58 (2014).
Google Scholar
Winkelmann, A., Patejdl, R., Wagner, S., Benecke, R. & Zettl, U. K. Cerebral MRI lesions and anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. J. Neurol. 255, 109–114 (2008).
Google Scholar
Buch, M. H., Johnsen, A. & Schiff, M. Can switching to abatacept therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on background methotrexate reverse TNF-inhibitor-induced antinuclear autoantibody/double-stranded DNA autoantibody conversion? An analysis of the AMPLE and ATTEST trials. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 37, 127–132 (2019).
Google Scholar
Bonelli, M. M., Mrak, D., Perkmann, T., Haslacher, H. & Aletaha, D. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in rituximab-treated patients: evidence for impaired humoral but inducible cellular immune response. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 1355–1356 (2021).
Google Scholar
Mrak, D. et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in rituximab-treated patients: B cells promote humoral immune responses in the presence of T-cell-mediated immunity. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 80, 1345–1350 (2021).
Google Scholar
link