The iodine-129 paradox in nuclear waste management strategies
Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2050 (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2022); https://www.iaea.org/publications/15487/energy-electricity-and-nuclear-power-estimates-for-the-period-up-to-2050
National Academies of Sciences and Engineering (NASE) Merits and Viability of Different Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Technology Options and the Waste Aspects of Advanced Nuclear Reactors (National Academies Press, 2023).
Kessler, J. et al. Yucca Mountain Total System Performance Assessment, Phase 3 EPRI Report TR-107191 (Electric Power Research Institute, 1996).
Mariner, P. E. et al. Application of Generic Disposal System Models Sandia Report SAND2015-10037R (Electric Power Research Institute, 2015).
Hou, X. et al. A review on speciation of iodine-129 in the environmental and biological samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 632, 181–196 (2009).
Google Scholar
Neeway, J. J. et al. A review of the behavior of radioiodine in the subsurface at two DOE sites. Sci. Total Environ. 691, 466–475 (2019).
Google Scholar
Zhang, S. et al. Concentration-dependent mobility, retardation, and speciation of iodine in surface sediment from the Savannah River Site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 5543–5549 (2011).
Google Scholar
Radionuclides in Drinking Water: A Small Entity Compliance Guide (EPA, 2011); https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/compliance-radionuclidesindw.pdf
Savannah River Site (SRS) Environmental Report Team. Environmental Report 2022 SRNS-RP-2023-00273 (Electric Power Research Institute, 2022).
Kaplan, D. I. et al. Evaluation of a radioiodine plume increasing concentration at the Savannah River Site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 489–495 (2010).
Google Scholar
Kaplan, D. I. et al. Radioiodine biogeochemistry and prevalence in groundwater. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 2287–2335 (2014a).
Google Scholar
Moore, R. C. et al. Iodine immobilization by materials through sorption and redox-driven processes: a literature review. Sci. Total Environ. 716, 132820 (2020).
Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Raymat, H., Vermuelen, H. & Denham, M. E. Evaluation of Seasonal Variations of I-129 in Surface Water Stations at the F-Area Wetlands SRNL Report SRNL-TR-2023-00058 (Electric Power Research Institute, 2023).
Tsoulfanidis, N. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle 3rd edn (American Nuclear Society, 2013).
Fiévet, B. et al. A comprehensive assessment of two-decade radioactivity monitoring around the Channel Islands. J. Environ. Radioact. 223, 106381 (2020).
Google Scholar
Asmussen, M. et al. Review of recent developments in iodine wasteform production. Front. Chem. 10, 1043653 (2022).
Google Scholar
Hou, X. et al. Speciation of 129I and 127I in seawater and implications for sources and transport pathways in the North Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 5993–5999 (2007).
Google Scholar
Taylor, R., Bodel, W., Stamford, L. & Butler, G. A review of environmental and economic implications of closing the nuclear fuel cycle—Part one: wastes and environmental impacts. Energies 15, 1433 (2022).
Google Scholar
Schneider, M. & Marignac, Y. Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing in France (International Panel on Fissile Materials, 2008); www.ipfmlibrary.org/rr04.pdf
Plutonium Separation in Nuclear Power Programs: Status, Problems, and Prospects of Civilian Reprocessing Around the World (International Panel on Fissile Materials, 2015); http://fissilematerials.org/library/rr14.pdf
Ramana, M. V. Technical and social problems of nuclear waste. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Energy Environ. 7, e289 (2018).
van Dorp, F. et al. Biosphere modelling for the assessment of radioactive waste repositories; the development of a common basis by the BIOMOVS II reference biospheres working group. J. Environ. Radioact. 42, 225–236 (1999).
Google Scholar
Wainwright, H. M. et al. A multidisciplinary framework from reactors to repositories for evaluating spent nuclear fuel from advanced reactors. Sci. Rep. 14, 26904 (2024).
Google Scholar
Ashford, N. A. & Caldart, C. C. Environmental Law, Policy, and Economics: Reclaiming the Environmental Agenda (MIT Press, 2008).
Wainwright, H. M., Finsterle, S., Zhou, Q. & Birkholzer, J. T. Modeling the performance of large-scale CO2 storage systems: a comparison of different sensitivity analysis methods. Int. J. Greenh. Gas. Control. 17, 189–205 (2013).
Google Scholar
Kim, T. K., Boing, L., Halsey, W. & Dixon, B. Nuclear Waste Attributes of SMRs Scheduled for Near-Term Deployment (Electric Power Research Institute, 2022); https://doi.org/10.2172/1900154
Ahn, J. & Apted, M. J. (eds) in Geological Repository Systems for Safe Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuels and Radioactive Waste 3–26 (Woodhead Publishing, 2017).
Ahn, J. Environmental impact of Yucca Mountain repository in the case of canister failure. Nucl. Technol. 157, 87–105 (2007).
Google Scholar
Atarashi-Andoh, M. et al. 129I/127I ratios in surface waters of the English Lake District. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, A716 (2005).
He, P., Hou, X., Aldahan, A. & Possnert, G. Radioactive 129I in surface water of the Celtic Sea. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 299, 249–253 (2014).
Google Scholar
He, P. et al. Anthropogenic 129I in seawaters along the north-central part of the English Channel: levels and tracer applications. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 41, 73–80 (2022).
Google Scholar
Keogh, S. M. et al. Trends in the spatial and temporal distribution of 129I and 99Tc in coastal waters surrounding Ireland using Fucus vesiculosus as a bio-indicator. J. Environ. Radioact. 95, 23–38 (2007).
Google Scholar
Keogh, S. M. et al. Anthropogenic 129I in precipitation and surface waters in Ireland. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 268, 1232–1235 (2010).
Google Scholar
Lopez-Gutierrez, J. M. et al. Levels and temporal variability of 129I concentrations and 129I/127I isotopic ratios in atmospheric samples from southern Spain. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 223, 495–500 (2004).
Michel, R. et al. Iodine-129 and iodine-127 in European seawaters and in precipitation from Northern Germany. Sci. Total Environ. 419, 151–169 (2012).
Google Scholar
Schnabel, C. et al. 129I/127I ratios in Scottish coastal surface sea water: geographical and temporal responses to changing emissions. Appl. Geochem. 22, 619–627 (2007).
Google Scholar
Raisbeck, G. M., Yiou, F., Zhou, Z. Q. & Kilius, L. R. 129I from nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities at Sellafield (UK) and La Hague (France); potential as an oceanographie tracer. J. Mar. Syst. 6, 561–570 (1995).
Google Scholar
Monitoring our Environment: Discharges and Environmental Monitoring Annual Report 2016 (Sellafield Ltd, 2016); https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/658749/Monitoring_Environmental_Discharges_2016_FINAL.pdf
Discharges and Environmental Monitoring Annual Report Reports 2017–2021 (Sellafield Ltd, 2017–2021); https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/sellafield-ltd-environmental-and-safety-reports
Rapport d’information du site Orano la Hague: Édition 2021 (Orano Recyclage, 2021); https://cdn.orano.group/orano/docs/default-source/orano-doc/groupe/publications-reference/environnement-%C3%A9dition-20211063584946.pdf
Rapport annuel de surveillance de l’environnement Orano la Hague: Édition 2021 (Orano Recyclage, 2021); https://cdn.orano.group/orano/docs/default-source/orano-doc/groupe/publications-reference/environnement-%C3%A9dition-20211063584946.pdf
Rapport annuel de surveillance de l’environnement Orano la Hague: Édition 2022 (Orano Recyclage, 2022); https://cdn.orano.group/orano/docs/default-source/orano-doc/groupe/publications-reference/env-lahague-2022.pdf
Dirkes, R. L. Summary of radiological monitoring of Columbia River water along the Hanford Reach, 1980 through 1989 (Electric Power Research Institute, 1994); https://doi.org/10.2172/10132301
Chang et al. Measurements of 129I in the Pacific Ocean at Scripps Pier and Pacific Northwest sites: a search for effects from the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident and Hanford. Sci. Total Environ. 689, 1023–1029 (2019).
Google Scholar
Meray, A. O. et al. PyLEnM: a machine learning framework for long-term groundwater contamination monitoring strategies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 5973–5983 (2022).
Google Scholar
Truex, M. J. et al. Hanford Liquid I-129 Discharge Estimate Report PNNL-24709 (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2017); https://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-24709Rev2.pdf
Kaplan, D. I. et al. Radioiodine concentrated in a wetland. J. Environ. Radioact. 131, 57–61 (2014).
Google Scholar
Ralston-Hooper, K. Hanford Site Composite Analysis: Dose Sensitivity Analyses (Electric Power Research Institute, 2022); https://doi.org/10.2172/1861434
Unfried, K. & Wang, F. Importing air pollution? Evidence from China’s plastic waste imports. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 125, 102996 (2024).
Google Scholar
Killian, T. H., Kolb, N. L., Corbo, P. & Marine, I. W. Environmental Information Document F-Area Seepage Basins DPST-85-706 (Savannah River Laboratory, 1987).
Canadell, J. G. et al. in IPCC Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 673–816 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2023).
Oklo prepares for the deployment of its commercial-scale fuel recycling facility with the submission of its licensing project plan Oklo (2023).
Selin, N. E. Global biogeochemical cycling of mercury: a review. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 34, 43–63 (2009).
Google Scholar
Paglialunga, E., Coveri, A. & Zanfei, A. Climate change and within-country inequality: new evidence from a global perspective. World Dev. 159, 106030 (2022).
Google Scholar
Houde, M. et al. Contributions and perspectives of Indigenous peoples to the study of mercury in the Arctic. Sci. Total Environ. 841, 156566 (2022).
Google Scholar
Nevstrueva, M. A., Ramzaev, P. V., Moiseer, A. A., Ibatullin, M. S. & Teplykh, L. A. The nature of 137Cs and 90Sr transport over the lichen–reindeer–man food chain. In Radioecological Concentration Processes. Proc. International Symposium 209–215 (Pergamon Press, 1967); https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-012122-2.50026-8
Trautz et al. Effect of dissolved CO2 on a shallow groundwater system: a controlled release field experiment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 298–305 (2013).
Google Scholar
Martuzzi, M., Mitis, F. & Forastiere, F. Inequalities, inequities, environmental justice in waste management and health. Eur. J. Public Health 20, 21–26 (2010).
Google Scholar
Abu-Eid, R., Esh, D. & Grossman, C. The Safety Case and the Risk-Informed Performance-Based Approach for Management of US Commercial Low Level Radioactive Waste (LLRW) (Electric Power Research Institute, 2016); https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:48062858
Guidelines for Evaluating the Post-Closure Care Period for Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities under Subtitle C of RCRA (EPA, 2016); https://www.epa.gov/hwpermitting/guidelines-evaluating-and-adjusting-post-closure-care-period-hazardous-waste-disposal
Macfarlane, A. & Ewing, R. C. (eds) Uncertainty Underground: Yucca Mountain and the Nation’s High-level Nuclear Waste (MIT Press, 2006).
Elter, Z. Uppsala University pressurized water reactor spent nuclear fuel data library. Mendeley Data (2020).
Radioactive Effluent and Environmental Reports for Columbia Generating Station (Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2023); https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/ops-experience/tritium/plant-specific-reports/wash2.html
Davis, J. Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants: Annual Report 2019 NUREG/CR-2907 Volume 25 (NRC Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, 2021). https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML2126/ML21266A422.pdf
Report No. 075—Iodine-129: Evaluation of Releases from Nuclear Power Generation (NCRP, 1983); https://ncrponline.org/shop/reports/report-no-075-iodine-129-evaluation-of-releases-from-nuclear-power-generation-1983/
Stein, E., Mariner, P., Frederick, J. M., Sevougian, S. D. & Hammond, G. E. Performance Assessment of a Generic Nuclear Waste Repository in Shale SAND2018-0113C (Sandia National Laboratories, 2018).
Hammond, G. E., Lichtner, P. C. & Mills, R. T. Evaluating the performance of parallel subsurface simulators: an illustrative example with PFLOTRAN. Water Resour. Res. 50, 208–228 (2014).
Google Scholar
Herrmann, F. J., Herrmann, B., Hoeflich, V., Beyer, C. & Furrer, J. Removal efficiency of silver impregnated filter materials and performance of iodine filters in of the off-gases of the Karlsruhe reprocessing plant WAK. In Proc. 24th DOE/NRC Nuclear Air Cleaning and Treatment Conference (ed. First, M. W.) 609–616 (Harvard School of Public Health, 1996).
Kantelo, M. V., Bauer, L. R., Marter, W. L., Murphy, C. E. Jr & Zeigler, C. C. Radioiodine in the Savannah River Site Environment No. WSRC-RP-90-424-2 (Savannah River Site, 1993).
link
